General Medicine

List the causes of papilledema Papilledema is the edema (swelling) of the optic disk >3 diopters. This term has been used only for passive swelling of the optic disk secondary to raised ICP. Causes of papilledema It develops due to obstruction of venous output along with stasis of axoplasmic flow within the optic nerve. It also develops due to any cause that … [Read more...] about Papilledema Causes

Question 1. Discuss the etiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, and management of Bell’s palsy. List the causes of facial nerve palsy. Write a short essay/note on Bell’s palsy. Answer: The most common form of unilateral isolated lower motor neuron type of facial paralysis is Bell’s palsy. Bell’s palsy Pathophysiology The main cause of Bell’s palsy is … [Read more...] about Bell’s Palsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Question 1. Discuss the clinical manifestations and management of increased ICP. Answer: Raised Intracranial Pressure Normal ICP in adults is <10–15 mm Hg. There are normal regular waves due to pulse and respiration. With increased pressure “pressure waves” appear. With the continued rise of ICP, perfusion pressure (PP) falls. When PP falls CBF is reduced. … [Read more...] about Management of Increased ICP

Question 1. Write a short note on cerebellopontine angle (CP angle) tumors. Answer: The cerebellopontine angle is an area of the lateral cistern containing CSF, arachnoid tissue, cranial nerves, and its associated vessels. CP angle tumors constitute the most common posterior fossa tumors and the majority of them are benign. Various CP angle … [Read more...] about Cerebellopontine Angle Tumors

Question 1. Write a short note on neurological indications for MRI. Answer: Advantages and disadvantages of MRI The advantages and disadvantages of MRI. Contrast MRI Gadolinium is used as intravenous contrast to assess the vascularity in tumors and inflammatory lesions. Side effects: Headache, nausea, pain and sensation of cold at the injection site, … [Read more...] about Ring-Enhancing Lesions in the Brain