Systemic Pathology

Cholelithiasis (Gallstones) Gallstones are formed from constituents of the bile (viz. cholesterol, bile pigments and calcium salts) along with other organic components. Accordingly, the gallstones commonly contain cholesterol, bile pigment and calcium salts in varying proportions. They are usually formed in the gallbladder but sometimes may develop within … [Read more...] about Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Clinical Manifestations Of Cirrhosis Portal Hypertension The range of clinical features in cirrhosis varies widely, from an asymptomatic state to progressive liver failure and death. The onset of the disease is insidious. In general, the features of cirrhosis are more marked in the alcoholic form than in other varieties. These include weakness, fatiguability, weight … [Read more...] about Portal Hypertension Symptoms

Jaundice Jaundice or icterus refers to the yellow pigmentation of the skin or sclerae by bilirubin. Bilirubin pigment has a high affinity for elastic tissue and hence jaundice is particularly noticeable in tissues rich in elastin content. Jaundice is the result of elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood termed hyperbilirubinaemia. Normal serum bilirubin concentration … [Read more...] about Jaundice Classification and Treatment

Hepatic Tuberculosis Tuberculosis of the liver occurs as a result of military dissemination from primary complex or from chronic adult pulmonary tuberculosis. The diagnosis is possible by liver biopsy. The patients may have unexplained fever, jaundice, hepatomegaly or hepatosplenomegaly. There may be elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels and hyperglobulinaemia. … [Read more...] about Hepatic Tuberculosis

Tumours Of The Biliary Tract Benign Tumours Benign tumours such as papilloma, adenoma, adenomyoma, fibroma, lipoma, myxoma, and haemangioma have been described in the biliary tract but all of them are exceedingly rare. Adenomyoma is a more common benign tumour than the rest. All these tumours resemble their counterparts in morphology elsewhere in the body. Malignant … [Read more...] about Tumours Of The Biliary Tract