Oral Manifestations Of Generalized Pathology Question And Answers

Oral Manifestations Of Generalized Question And Answers

Question 1. Describe the features of deficiency or hyperactivity of different vitamins.
Answer.

Body Fluids	Muscle Physiology	Digestive System
Endocrinology	Face Anatomy	Neck Anatomy
Lower Limb	Upper Limb	Nervous System

Read And Learn More: Oral Pathology Short Notes Question And Answers

Question 2. What are the common causes of lymphadenopathy in the orofacial region?
Answer.

• Bacterial infections
• Viral infections
• Parasitic infections
• Neoplasms
• Miscellaneous conditions.

Question 3. Name the bacterial infections which might cause lymphadenopathy.
Answer.Oral mixed infections, septic tonsil, facial cellulitis, tuberculosis and syphilis, etc.

Question 4. Name the viral infections which might cause lymphadenopathy.
Answer.Herpetic stomatitis, infectious mononucleosis and HIV infections, etc.

Question 5. Name the common parasitic infection associated with lymphadenopathy.
Answer.Toxoplasmosis.

Question 6. Name the common neoplastic conditions associated with lymphadenopathy.
Answer.

• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Carcinoma of the salivary gland
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• Hodgkin’s disease
• Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Leukemia
• Malignant melanoma
• Mesenchymal tissue neoplasms
• Metastatic tumors in the jaws.

Question 7. Describe the oral manifestations of leukemia.
Answer. Enlargement, bleeding and necrosis of gingiva, ecchymosis, necrosis and ulceration of oral mucosa, profuse bleeding upon trauma or following extration of tooth.

Question 7a.Describe the oral manifestations of agranulocytosis.
Answer. Gangrenous ulceration of the gingiva, buccal mucosa, soft palate and lip, delayed wound healing, severe secondary infections.

Question 7b.Describe the oral manifestations of polycythemia.
Answer. Petechiae, ecchymosis, hematoma formation and ulceration of the mucosa, gingiva and tongue. Spontaneous gingival bleeding. Purplish red discoloration of tongue, cheek and lips.

Question 7c.Describe the oral manifestations of multiple myeloma.
Answer. Pain and swelling of the jaw, numbness of the lips, multiple punched-out radiolucencies in the jawbone, formation of epulis and unexplained mobility of teeth.

Question 7d.Describe the oral manifestations of iron deficiency anemia.
Answer. Mucosal atrophy and pallor, bald tongue with atrophic glossitis, angular cheilitis, glossodynia and increased risk of candidiasis.

Question 7e.Describe the oral manifestations of Plummer-Vinson’s syndrome.
Answer. It is a rare condition characterized by iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, and glossitis. Other features of the disease include atrophy of the tongue papilla with smooth red surface, glossodynia, increased risk of oral precancer and cancer, angular cheilitis and diffiulty in wearing prosthesis.

Question 7f.Describe the oral manifestations of pernicious anemia.
Answer. Erythematous oral mucosa with burning sensation, beefy red tongue with depapillation (Hunter’s glossitis), focal areas of atypical mucosal erythema.

Question 7g.Describe the oral manifestations of folic acid defiiency anemia.
Answer. Depapillation of tongue with glossitis and glossodynia, aphthous-like ulceration.

Question 7h.Describe the oral manifestations of erythroblastosis fetalis.
Answer. Black, brown or bluish pigmentations of teeth, protrusion of upper teeth, osteoporosis of bone, thinning of lamina dura.

Question 7i.Describe the oral manifestations of thalassemia.
Answer. Protrusion of upper teeth, osteoporosis of bone, thinning of lamina dura, prominent premaxilla and cheek bone, mongoloid facies.

Question 7j.Describe the oral manifestations of sickle-cell anemia.
Answer. Mucosal pallor, stepladder-like arrangement of bony trabaculae between the roots of the teeth, pain in the mandible with lip paresthesia. Osteoporosis of the jaw bone including the alveolar bone.

Question 7k.Describe the oral manifestations of purpura.
Answer. Gingival bleeding, petechiae and ecchymosis.

Question 7l.Describe the oral manifestations of hemophilia.
Answer. Petechiae, hemarthrosis, excessive bleeding upon trauma or extraction of tooth.

Question 7m.Describe the oral manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Answer. Cherry red, pinpoint or large lesions resembling a crushed spider in the mucosa. The lesion blanches on pressure.

Question 8. Describe the oral manifestations of diabetes mellitus.
Answer. Severe periodontitis with loosening of teeth, gingivitis and painful gingiva, burning mouth syndrome, delayed wound healing, mucosal ulceration, acetone breath, increased risk of infection, bilateral non-tendered enlargement of parotids (diabetic sialadenitis),xerostomia, gingival hyperplasia, candidiasis and atrophy of tongue papillae.

Question 9. Describe the oral manifestations of amyloidosis.
Answer. Macroglossia with smooth, brawny and indurated tongue; localized, yellow, nonulcerated nodules on the oral mucosa. Hoarseness of voice, dry mouth, claudication of the jaw, petechiae, and ecchymoses of the oral mucosa.

Question 10. Describe the oral manifestations of jaundice.
Answer. Icterus (diffuse yellow pigmentation) of the palatal and sublingual area.

Question 11. Describe the oral manifestations of hypophosphatesia.
Answer. Premature loss of primary teeth, especially deciduous incisors. Delayed eruption of permanent teeth, premature loss of permanent teeth, thin cortex and lamina-dura of bone, decreased enamel thickness and large pulp size of tooth.

Question 12. Describe the oral manifestations of hypophosphatemia.
Answer. Bone pain, muscle weakness, poorly formed teeth, large pulp chambers of teeth with pulp horns extending up to the dentino-enamel junction, increased incidences of periodontal and periapical abscess formation with sinus tract deformity of tooth enamel with microclefts helps in early pulp exposure.

Question 13. Describe the oral manifestations of protein-energy malnutrition.
Answer. Oral mucosal palor, atrophy of the tongue papilla, enamel hypoplasia, glossitis, angular cheilitis, generalized stomatitis, fisuring of lips, delayed wound healing.

Question 14. Describe the oral manifestations of chronic alcoholism.
Answer. Dryness of oral mucosa, mucosal atrophy, inflmmatory gingival lesion with bleeding tendency.

Question 15. Describe the oral manifestations of chronic steroid therapy.
Answer. Obesity of the upper part of the body, buffalo-hump or round shouldered person, mooning of the face, secondary oral infections due to depressed immunity, osteoporosis.

Question 16. Describe the oral manifestations of uremic stomatitis.
Answer.
It occurs due to renal failure and is characterized by development of multiple ragged white plaques on the buccal mucosa, tongue and flor of the mouth Unpleasant taste in the mouth, oral burning sensation and odor of ammonia or urine in the mouth.

Question 17. Describe the oral manifestations of arsenic poisoning.
Answer. Vomiting, diarrhea, hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis of oral mucosa.

Question 18. Describe the oral manifestations of lead poisoning.
Answer. Excessive salivation, metallic taste and a dark lead-line along the gingival margin.

Question 19. Describe the oral manifestations of bismuth poisoning.
Answer. Burning sensations of the oral mucosa, metallic taste and a bismuth-line (similar to lead line) along the gingival margin.

Question 20. Describe the oral manifestations of mercury poisoning.
Answer. Stomatitis, increased salivation, glossitis and enlargement of salivary glands.

Question 21. Describe the oral manifestations of phosphorus poisoning.
Answer. Progressive osteomyelitis of the jaws.

Question 21a.Describe the oral manifestations of silver-amalgam poisoning.
Answer. Gray-black discoloration of the oral mucosa.

Question 22. Describe the oral manifestations of graphite poisoning.
Answer. Gray-black mucosal color change.

Question 23. Describe the oral manifestations of lead-mercury poisoning.
Answer. Gray oral mucosa.

Question 24. Describe the oral manifestations of pituitary gigantism.
Answer. Enlargement of jaw bone, enlargement of oral soft tissues, increased vertical height of jawbone, macroglossia, true macrodontia, early eruption of teeth and hypercementosis,etc.

Question 25. Describe the oral manifestations of pituitary dwarfism.
Answer. Underdeveloped face and jaws, delayed shedding of primary teeth and delayed eruption of permanent teeth, delayed root completion of teeth, microdontia and absence of third molars.

Question 26. Describe the oral manifestations of acromegaly.
Answer. Increased mandibular growth with development of class-III malocclusion, diastemas,anterior open bite, increased. Soft tissue growth of tongue with macroglossia, periodentitis, gingivitis and hypercementosis, etc.

Question 27. Describe the oral manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome.
Answer.Mooning of the face (face becomes round due to excessive deposition of fat within the facial tissues), osteoporosis of bone, loss of lamina dura, increased risk of infection due to lowered immunity, increased incidences of pathological fractures of bone.

Question 28. Describe the oral manifestations of hypoparathyroidism.
Answer.

• Hypocalcemia, tetany, delayed eruption of teeth, pitting enamel hypoplasia, extensive bone resorptions
• Positive Chvostek’s sign and persistent oral candidiasis.

Question 29. Describe the oral manifestations of hyperparathyroidism.
Answer. Loosening of teeth, brown tumors in the jaws, loss of lamina dura, radiograph shows ground glass appearance of the bone (due to severely decreased bone density) and multicystic jaw lesions, bone and joint pain, peptic ulcer, hypercalcemia, renal calculi,massive enlargement of jaw.

Question 30. Describe the oral manifestations in sex hormone imbalance.
Answer.

• Puberty: Puberty gingivitis
• Menstruation: Gingivitis, cyclical ulceration of the oral mucosa, gingival bleeding
• Menopause: Dry mouth, burning tongue.

Question 31. Describe the oral manifestations during pregnancy.
Answer. Gingival bleeding, pregnancy tumor (epulis), aggravated gingivitis, recurrent aphthous ulcer.

Question 32. Describe the oral manifestations of addison’s disease.
Answer. Yellow to brown pigmentations of oral mucous membrane due to increased melanin production.

Question 33. Describe the oral manifestations of hyperthyroidism.
Answer. Premature eruption of teeth and early loss of deciduous dentition, osteoporosis of the jaw bones.

Question 34. Describe the oral manifestations of cretinism.
Answer. Retarded tooth eruption or complete failure of tooth eruption, delayed exfoliation of deciduous teeth, malocclusion, macroglossia, macrocheilia, drooling of saliva, delayed closure of bony sutures, etc.

Question 35. Describe the oral manifestations of myxedema.
Answer. Thick lips, macroglossia and swollen face.

Question 36. Describe the oral manifestations of syphilis.
Answer.

• Oral chancres in primary syphilis.
• Mucous patches in secondary syphilis
• Gumma in tertiary syphilis
• Hutchinson’s triad in congenital syphilis.

Question 37. Describe the oral manifestations of tuberculosis.
Answer. Oral tuberculous ulcer, tuberculous gingivitis and osteomyelitis, scrofula.

Question 38. Describe the oral manifestations of sarcoidosis.
Answer. Enlargement of salivary glands, circumscribed nodules in the soft palate, gingiva and cheek, etc.

Question 39. Describe the oral manifestations of histoplasmosis.
Answer. Ulceration and nodular growth on the gingiva, tongue or palate that often simulates a carcinoma.

Question 40. Describe the oral manifestations of candidiasis.
Answer. White or grayish-white curdled milk-like patches on the oral mucosa, which leave raw,painful, bleeding surfaces upon their removal.

Question 41. Describe the oral manifestations of actinomycosis.
Answer. Enlargement of mandible with many pus discharging sinuses, the pus contains small yellowish sulfur granules.

Question 42. Describe the oral manifestations of Crohn’s disease.
Answer. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, diffuse nodularswelling of the lips and cheeks, cobblestone appearance of the oral mucosa, linear granulomatous ulcer on buccal vestibule.

Question 43. Describe the oral manifestations of ulcerative colitis.
Answer. Recurrent aphthous ulcer, pyostomatitis vegetans, hemorrhagic ulcers.

Question 44. Describe the oral manifestations of celiac disease.
Answer. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Question 45. Describe the oral manifestations of ectodermal dysplasia.
Answer. Anodontia, salivary gland aplasia with xerostomia, depressed nasal bridge, frontal bossing, dry skin, unexplained pyrexia, horseness of voice.

Question 46. Describe the oral manifestations of pemphigus.
Answer. Vesicle or bullae formation in oral mucosa, vesicles rupture with subsequent ulcer formation, Nickolsky’s sign is positive, pain with bleeding and secondary infection.

Question 47. Describe the oral manifestations of pemphigoid.
Answer. Vesicle or bullae formation, desquamation of the gingiva.

Question 48. Describe the oral manifestations of epidermolysis bullosa.
Answer. Multiple bullae of skin in the area of trauma, hypoplasia of teeth.

Question 49. Describe the oral manifestations of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Answer. Increased fragility of skin, gum bleeding, tooth mobility, delayed wound healing, enamel hypoplasia.

Question 50. Describe the oral manifestations of lichen planus.
Answer. Patchy white lesions on the oral mucosa that present lace-like radiating striae at the periphery, burning sensations and mucosal pigmentations often develop.

Question 51. Describe the oral manifestations of scleroderma.
Answer. Atrophy of the oral mucous membrane with stiffening and fiation, depapillation of tongue, diffiulty in deglutition and widening of the periodontal ligament space.

Question 52. Describe the oral manifestations of psoriasis.
Answer. Erythematous patches with white scaly surface on the oral mucosa.

Question 53. Describe the oral manifestations of lupus erythematous.
Answer. Multiple white plaques in oral mucosa with dark-reddish purple margins. Erythematous skin rash on the face with a butterfl confiuration across the bridge of the nose.

Question 54. Describe the oral manifestations of keratosis follicularis.
Answer. Multiple small papules on the oral mucosa.

Question 55. Describe the oral manifestations of Paget’s disease of bone.
Answer. Enlargement of the jaws, loosening of teeth and diastema formation, cotton wool type radiographic feature of the bone, hyercementosis of teeth and pulp calcifiation, etc.

Question 56. Describe the oral manifestations of osteopetrosis.
Answer. Delayed tooth eruption, retarded healing of the extraction wound, spontaneous jaw fractures, etc.

Question 57. Describe the oral manifestations of osteogenesis imperfecta.
Answer. Frequent bone fractures, blue sclera, in case of associated dentinogenesis imperfecta feature like obliteration of pulp chambers, excessive tooth wear and short roots, etc.

Question 58. Describe the oral manifestations of Caffey’s disease.
Answer. Sudden jaw swelling that disappears in 3 to 12 months, cortical thickening and bulging of the lower border of mandible.

Question 59. Describe the oral manifestations of firous dysplasia.
Answer. Enlargement of the jaws, hypergonadism in females and café-au-lait spots on the skin,etc. groundglass radiographic appearance of bone.

Question 60. Describe the oral manifestations of dental florosis.
Answer. Lustless opaque white teeth with mottling or pitting, opaque hypomineralized areas of tooth stain yellow to dark brown, decreased caries incidence.

Question 61. Describe the oral manifestations of rabies.
Answer. Excessive salivation, facial palsy, hydrophobia, diffiulty in deglutition.

Question 62. Describe the oral manifestations of tetanus.
Answer. Lock jaw, risus sardonicus.

Question 63. Describe the oral manifestations of anthrax.
Answer. Malignant edema of the lip, oral mucosa, larynx and pharynx. Malignant pustule formations in the labial and palatal mucosa.

Question 64. Describe the oral manifestations of gonorrhea.
Answer. Gonococcal stomatitis with ulcerations of the oral mucosa, membrenous gingivostomatitis with red, yellow or greenish discoloration of the tissue.

Question 65. Describe the oral manifestations of tapeworm infections.
Answer.

• Taeniasis—edematous mucosal ulcerations,gingival bleeding
• Cysticercosis—well-defied, painless, flctuant swelling over the lips, tongue and cheek, which often resembles mucoceles
• Hydatid cyst—small, progressively increasing, painless, well-defied, soft flctuant swelling on the tongue.

Question 66. Describe the oral manifestations of roundworm infections.
Answer.

• Trichinosis—bilateral gingival swelling, swelling of the tongue and myelohyoid muscle
• Ascariasis—submental swelling, mucosal pigmentations, toxic manifestations from worm by-products, e.g facial edema and articaria etc
• Filariasis—edematous swelling of the lips and tongue.

Question 67. Describe the oral manifestations of protozoal infections.
Answer.
Trypanosomiasis: Unilateral facial edema with crepitations, widening of the transverse diameter of face, salivary gland swelling, cervical and preauricular lymphadenopathy
Leishmaniasis: Ulcerations of the oral mucosa, progressive destructions of soft palate, uvula and gingiva
Toxoplasmosis: Aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy facial palsy.

Question 68. Describe the oral manifestations of renal failure.
Answer. Bad odor or smell of ammonia in the mouth, gingivitis, stomatitis, xerostomia, parotitis,mucosal erythema, oral thrush, bacterial plaques, mucosal ulcerations, purpura, giant cell lesions (secondary to hyperparathyroidism), mucosal pallor due to anemia.

Question 69. Describe the oral manifestations of Renal osteodystrophy.
Answer. Demineralization of maxillary and mandibular bone, loss of trabaculations, total or partial loss of lamina dura, ground-glass radiolucency of bone.

Question 70. Describe the oral manifestations of Kidney transplantation.
Answer. Xerostomia, metallic taste, mucosal pallor, low grade gingival inflmmation, increased bleeding tendency from gingiva and oral mucosa, petechiae or ecchymoses, erosive glossitis, staining of teeth, gingival hyperplasia.

Question 71. Describe the oral manifestations of multiple sclerosis.
Answer. Anesthesia or paresthesia of all branches of trigeminal nerve, non-specifi neuralgia,glossopharyngeal neuralgia.

Question 72. Describe the oral manifestations of epilepsy.
Answer. Gingival hyperplasia due to intake of phenytoin sodium, hirsutism, lymphadenopathy.

Question 73. Describe the oral manifestations of cerebral palsy.
Answer. Class II malocclusion with open bite, severe caries and periodontal diseases, severe tooth erosion, enamel hypoplasia, bruxism, mouth breathing, drooling, delayed tooth eruption, traumatic damage of teeth and disturbance in swallowing.

Question 74. Describe the oral manifestations of meningitis.
Answer. Bleeding from the mouth, stomatitis, mouth ulcers, foul breath, loss of taste sensation,coating on the tongue.

Question 75. Describe the oral manifestations of congestive cardiac failure.
Answer. Cyanosis of the lips, tongue and other parts of oral mucosa.

Question 76. Describe the oral manifestations of coarctation of aorta.
Answer. Enlargement of the mandibular artery and it’s branches supplying the teeth, enlargement of the dental pulp, excessive hemorrhage after tooth extraction.

Question 77. Describe the oral manifestations of congenital heart disease.
Answer. Generalized bluish discoloration of the gingiva, severe marginal gingivitis, bleeding gums, delayed eruption of teeth.

Question 78. Describe the oral manifestations of hypertension.
Answer. Uncontrolled hemorrhage following oral surgical procedures, gingival hyperplasia due to intake of nifedipine, oral mucosal ulcers due to intake of methyldopa, dryness of mouth due to use of diuretics.

Question 79. Describe the oral manifestations of stroke.
Answer. Impaired speech, facial paralysis, poor oral hygiene, inability to wear artifiial prosthesis.

Question 80. Describe the oral manifestations of contact allergy.
Answer. Multiple vesicles followed by ulcerations in the oral mucosa, swelling and fisuring of the lips.

Question 81. Describe the oral manifestations of systemic allergy.
Answer.

• Type-I: Anaphylactic shock
• Type-II, III, IV: Lichenoid reaction, pemphigus, pemphigoid and erythema multiforme,etc.

Question 82. How cavernous sinus thrombosis and meningitis develop from oral infections?
Answer. Cavernous sinus thrombosis and meningitis occur in rare cases, when the infections from the danger zone of the face reaches the cavernous sinus and the meninges.
Clinical features: Exophthalmos, loss of vision, Photophobia, lacrimation, fever, chills and vomiting.

Question 83. How the human body profie changes with increase in age?
Answer. It often exhibits decrease in convexity.

Question 84. How septicemia develops from oral infections?
Answer. Extraction of infected teeth without antibiotic coverage may lead to septicemia or even death.

Question 85. Describe the systemic manifestations caused by oral infections.
Answer. Fever, malaise, leukocytosis, headache and lymphadenopathy,etc. may develop when there is presence of a dento-alveolar abscess or osteomyelitis of the jaw.

Question 86. How subacute bacterial endocarditis develops from oral infections?
Answer. It happens in case of tooth extraction in a cardiac patient without proper antibiotic therapy; the streptococcus beta hemolyticus group of organisms present in the oral cavity often spread from mouth to the heart in susceptible patients and produce subacute bacterial endocarditis (SABE).

Question 87. Which part ofthe chest is to be compressed during cardiopulmonaryresuscitation?
Answer. Middle of the lower part of the sternum.

Question 88.How hypovolemic shock occurs following tooth extraction?
Answer. Excessive hemorrhage from the oral cavity following tooth extraction may produce hypovolemic shock in a patient.

Question 89. How a malignant oral tumor kills a patient?
Answer. Malignant oral tumors, e.g. squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, osteosarcoma and lymphoma, etc. often cause death of the patient in the following manner:

• Multiple vital organ damage due to tumor metastasis (especially liver, lung and brain).
• Encroachment of major vessels by the tumor with massive hemorrhage
• Cachexia
• Secondary infection due to lack of immunity (pneumonia)
• Direct (anaphylaxis) or indirect effect of chemotherapy
• Pancytopenia
• Psychological stress.

Question 90. What are the effects of premature loss of teeth in a patient?
Answer. Premature loss of teeth reduces the ability of the patient to masticate adequate nutritious food and thus causes nutritional defiiency with poor health. Besides, this loss of teeth is always accompanied by loss of alveolar bone, which severely hampers the appearance and personality of the patient.

Question 91. What are oral foci of infection?
Answer. The infected dental pulp, dental abscess, periodontal abscess, inflmed gingiva, etc. harbor microorganisms and hence are called oral foci of infections. The microorganisms from these oral foci may produce secondary infections in the distant parts of the body.

Question 92.What is transitory bacteremia following oral treatments?
Answer. Extraction, scaling or any other minor oral surgical procedure may cause spread of bacteria from the oral cavity into the circulation. This type of bacteremia lasts for about 30 minutes.