Abdominal Cavity And Peritoneum
Question 1. Give the boundaries of the abdominal cavity.
Answer:
The abdominal cavity is the largest cavity of the body, located within the abdomen and pelvis.
Abdominal cavity Boundaries:
- Roof: Diaphragm
- Inferior: Pelvic diaphragm
- Posterior: Posterior abdominal wall
- Anterior: Anterior abdominal wall
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Lateral (on each side): Flank (i.e., an abdominal wall between the rib cage and iliac crest).
Abdominal Cavity Regions
Question 2. Write a short note on Addison’s plane (i.e. transpyloric plane).
Answer:
Addison’s Plane:-
- It is an imaginary horizontal plane that passes through the tips of the 9th costal cartilage anteriorly and the lower border of the L1 vertebra posteriorly.
- It is situated halfway between the suprasternal notch and the upper border of the pubic symphysis
- It is the key plane of the abdomen.
Addison’s Plane Clinical importance:
Clinically it is important because it passes through several important abdominal structures.
Abdominal Cavity Regions
For examples:
- Pylorus
- Neck of pancreas
- Hila of kidneys
- Formation of portal vein
- Origin of superior mesenteric artery
Question 3. Give a brief account of 9 regions of the abdomen.
Answer:
Regions Of The Abdomen:-
For descriptive purposes, the Clinicians divide the abdominal cavity into 9 regions by 2 vertical and 2 horizontal planes drawn on the anterior abdominal wall.
- The two vertical planes are: Right and left midclavicular planes.
- The two horizontal planes are the Transpyloric and trans tubercular planes.
- The 9 regions marked out in this way are arranged in 3 zones: Upper, middle, and lower.
Abdominal Cavity Regions
These regions are given in the box below:
Question 4. Give a brief account of 4 quadrants of the abdomen.
Answer:
Quadrants Of The Abdomen:-
Some clinicians divide the abdominal cavity into 4 quadrants by two plans:
- The transumbilical plane, passing horizontally through the umbilicus, and
- The median vertical plane intersects the transumbilical horizontal plane at the umbilicus.
The 4 quadrants marked in this way are:
- Right upper quadrant
- Left upper quadrant
- Right lower quadrant
- Left upper quadrant
4 Quadrants Of Abdomen And Organs
Question 5. Describe the Peritoneum under the following headings
Answer:
- Peritoneum Definition
- Peritoneum Layers and
- Peritoneum Functions.
1. Peritoneum Definition:
- The peritoneum is a large sac of serous membrane lined with mesothelium within the abdomen.
- It is a closed sac in males, while in females it communicates to the exterior through the vagina.
2. Peritoneum Layers:
The serous sac of the peritoneum is invaginated by the number of abdominal viscera.
4 Quadrants Of Abdomen And Organs
Consequently, the peritoneum is divided into two layers:
- Outer parietal layer
- Inner visceral layer.
The parietal peritoneum is pain-sensitive to cut and temperature because it is innervated by the somatic nerves, whereas the visceral peritoneum is pain-insensitive to cut and temperature because it is innervated by the autonomic nerves.
Parietal Peritoneum
3. Peritoneum Functions:
- Facilitation of movements of viscera
- Protection of viscera
- Absorption and dialysis of peritoneal fluid
- Facilitates healing and formation of adhesion
- Storage of fat
Note:
Properties of peritoneum which make peritoneal dialysis possible:
- It acts as a semipermeable membrane.
- It has a large surface area.
- It absorbs the waste products from blood capillaries.
Lesser Omentum And Greater Omentum
Question 7. Write a short note on greater omentum.
Answer:
Greater Omentum:
The greater omentum is a large fold of peritoneum studded with fat that hangs down from greater curvature of the stomach like an apron.
Greater omentum Features:
- It covers the loops of intestines to a variable extent:
- It is made up of 4 layers of peritoneum, which are fused together.
- It extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon.
Greater omentum Contents:
The contents of greater omentum are
- Adipose tissue
- Aggregation of macrophages, forming dense patches called milky spots
- Right and left gastroepiploic arteries and accompanying veins.
Lesser Omentum And Greater Omentum
Greater omentum Functions:
- Storehouse of fat.
- Limits the spread of infection by moving to the site of infection and sealing it off from the surrounding area; hence, it is also called the policeman of the abdomen.
- Used as graft by surgeons.
Question 8. Draw a labeled diagram to show the vertical Tracing of the Peritoneum.
Answer:
Vertical tracing of the peritoneum:
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